1 Educational center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan city, Taiwan.
2Department of Anesthesiology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Outline
The influence of opioids on the composition and balance of gut microbiota have gained increased attention recently. These alterations, known as opioidinduced dysbiosis (OID), are correlated with multiple disease states and, also, the development of antinociceptive tolerance. Pre-clinical studies have recognized the importance of gut microbiome in the formation of analgesic tolerance and, therefore, make these commensals a new therapeutic subject for attenuating opioid tolerance and reducing opioid demands. In this article, we reviewed the influence of OID on the development of tolerance and the its potential role as a novel therapeutic target.
Fecal microbiota transplantation; Gut microbiota; Opioidinduced microbial dysbiosis; Opioid tolerance; Probiotics;
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